WHAT DOES DTCC DO AND HOW ISSUERS WORK WITH DTC?
The Depository Trust & Clearing
Corporation (DTCC), through its subsidiaries, provides industry-leading
solutions to safeguard the world’s financial markets. For more than 40 years,
we have served as the premier post-trade market infrastructure in the industry,
advancing the automation, centralization, standardization and streamlining of
processes critical to the markets’ safety and soundness. Today, we stand at the
center of global trading activity, processing trillions of dollars of
securities transactions on a daily basis. We serve as the centralized
clearinghouse for more than 50 exchanges and equity platforms, maintaining
multiple data and operating centers worldwide providing strong business
continuity and around the-clock support. User owned and governed, DTCC serves
the needs of clients from initial onboarding through trading, clearance,
settlement, asset servicing and data reporting.
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Provision of these services for a wide range of
securities products, such as:
- Equities
- Corporate and municipal bonds
- Government & Mortgage-backed securities
- Derivatives
- Mutual funds
- Money market instruments
- Alternative investment products
- Insurance
- Syndicated loans
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Provision of services across multiple asset Classes,
including:
- Clearing
- Institutional matching
- Settlement
- Asset servicing
- Collateral management
- Global data management
- Information services
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WHAT IS DTC?
The Depository Trust Company
(DTC), DTCC’s central securities depository subsidiary, provides depository and
book-entry services and operates a securities settlement system. In this
regard, DTC holds eligible securities on behalf of Participants and its activities
include transfers and pledges of securities, and the settlement of transactions
for Participants by book-entry, free of payment or delivery versus payment.
DTC provides (i) settlement
services for virtually all equity, corporate and municipal debt trades and
Money Market Instruments in the U.S. Approximately 1.4 million
settlement-related transactions per day, with a value of
approximately 498.66 € billion, are completed at DTCC in an efficient
and risk-controlled process and (ii)central safekeeping and asset servicing for
securities issues from 131 countries and territories valued at 30.92
€ trillion. Asset services include: underwriting, corporate actions
processing, securities processing, global tax services and issuer services.
WHAT IS AN “ELIGIBLE SECURITY”?
An “eligible security” is one
that is freely tradable pursuant to U.S. securities laws and is otherwise
qualified to be held at DTC and serviced. The eligibility criteria are more
fully described in DTC’s Operational Arrangements.
Depository services over the lifecycle of the security may include deposits,
withdrawals, and a wide range of corporate action events such as dividend and
interest payments, tender and rights offers, and corporate reorganizations.
HOW DOES AN ISSUE BECOME ELIGIBLE AT DTC?
For an underwritten offering, a
DTC participant submits a request to make a security eligible for DTC services.
Participants may also request eligibility for “older issues” which are already
traded in the marketplace. DTC participants include banks, broker/dealers and
other firms that act as underwriters of new issues, as well as other types of
financial service institutions. An issuer seeking for an issue to become DTC
eligible should work through a DTC participant that is willing to sponsor the
eligibility process for the security. A participant may submit an eligibility
request through DTC’s Underwriting Service at the time a security is initially
offered and distributed to the marketplace, or at a later time for older issues
that are not already DTC eligible. DTC’s Underwriting area may be consulted for
specific eligibility requirements.
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS ASSOCIATED WITH HAVING A
SECURITY BECOME DTC ELIGIBLE?
While there is no requirement
that any security be held at DTC to trade, many brokerage firms and issuers
want to take advantage of the efficiencies and costs benefits that DTC offers.
Also, many stock exchanges require DTC-eligibility prior to listing of a
security.
Throughout the lifecycle of a
security, DTC helps boost efficiencies, reduce risk and lower costs for
participants, issuers and investors. The benefits begin with the
eligibility/underwriting process, which enables the initial distribution of a
security offering to be made electronically to financial institutions that are
DTC participants and ultimately to investors. Once a security becomes eligible,
DTC, through its nominee Cede & Co., is the registered holder of the
securities, routinely processing dividend and interest payments and managing
the electronic “book-entry” transfer of interests in securities among
participants. These participants are often holding and transferring interests
in the securities at the direction of their customers, including ultimate
beneficial owners. If a reorganization such as a corporate merger or tender
offer occurs, DTC handles the transfer of cash and stock to the appropriate
investment bank or broker/dealer, which then passes it on to their investors.
By maintaining custody of eligible securities, DTC eliminates the risk of a
missed election on a corporate action, or a missed dividend payment.
HOW DO ISSUERS WORK WITH DTC?
Prior to having a security made
eligible for DTC services, an issuer must appoint a transfer / paying agent
that will submit and adhere to an Operational Arrangements Agent Letter filed
with DTC. The issuer’s designated agent(s) will work with DTC on an ongoing
basis on activities related to the servicing of its security. During the
lifecycle of the issuer’s security, servicing activities may include income and
redemption payments, and reorganization or corporate action events including
tenders, consents, name change, reverse splits, mergers, bankruptcy, etc.
IN WHAT WAYS CAN INVESTORS HOLD INTERESTS IN A DTC
ELIGIBLE SECURITY?
The way in which investors hold
securities determines what happens when they buy and sell, as well as how they
receive investor communications including annual reports and voting proxies,
and the way any dividends would be paid. There are three ways in which a
DTC-eligible security can be held:
·
Street name (least expensive / lower risk)
When an investor holds shares this way, the investor’s name is listed on its
brokerage firm’s books as the beneficial owner of the shares. The brokerage
firm’s name is listed in DTC’s ownership records. DTC’s nominee name (Cede
& Co.) is listed as the registered owner on the records of the issuer
maintained by its transfer agent. DTC holds legal title to the securities and
the ultimate investor is the beneficial owner.
·
Direct Registration (less expensive / lower risk)
If an investor purchases securities and wants to hold them electronically in
its own name rather than in street name, the investor can do so through the
direct registration system (DRS). DRS allows an investor, as the owner of the
security, to be the registered holder directly on the issuer’s books and
records, maintained by its transfer agent. Investors who use direct
registration receive a statement providing evidence of ownership instead of a
stock certificate. The issuer or its transfer agent sends all investor
information, dividends, and other corporate communications, including proxy
materials, directly to the investor. An investor can sell directly from its DRS
account but transfer agents cannot provide a current price or limit price, thus
the securities must usually be transferred electronically from the investor’s
account with the issuer or transfer agent to its broker/dealer through DTC.
·
Physical certificate (most expensive / higher risk)
Holding shares in in the form of a certificate is the more expensive, higher
risk option for investors. Physical certificates can be lost, stolen or damaged
and replacement costs are high as replacement takes time to complete.
If an investor wants to obtain a physical certificate, securities are withdrawn
by their brokerage firm from their account at DTC where the inventory is
registered in DTC’s nominee (Cede & Co.) and re-registered into the
investor’s name. In many cases brokerage firms and transfer agents charge a fee
for issuing and delivering a physical certificate. In some cases, the option
for a physical certificate may not be available as an investment firm may
refuse requests for a physical certificate or the issuing company may have
elected not to issue physical certificates.
WHAT HOLDER INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE?
DTC is able to provide position
information on a security at the DTC participant level. Issuers and their
authorized third-party agents can use DTC’s Security Position Report web
service (SPR) throughout the year to obtain position information on their
securities as needed.
ISSUER QUESTIONS REGARDING ELECTRONIC OMNIBUS PROXY
In an effort to provide Issuers
with more timely and efficient receipt of Omnibus Proxy information, The
Depository Trust and Clearing Corporation (DTCC) have introduced a new
Electronic Omnibus Proxy capability. What this means is that Issuers will be
able to actively retrieve their Omnibus Proxy information (still at no charge)
via DTCC's SPR web service. No more waiting for a hard copy Omnibus Proxy and
position listing to arrive in the mail from DTCC. Issuers (with web registered
Coordinator-level users) will be able to retrieve it online. Assuming that DTCC has been appropriately
notified of meeting and record date information on your CUSIP and your firm has
valid web users and eligible issues indicated on the DTCC SPR web service, we
will create the Electronic Omnibus Proxy and make it available for online
retrieval by the Issuer as of the morning after record date. Any web registered
coordinator-level user at the Issuer firm associated with that CUSIP will be
able to go onto the web SPR service and retrieve the Omnibus Proxy information
in browser format and print or save it as needed. All coordinator-level web
users at the Issuer firm will be sent an email notification by DTCC on the
morning after their record date to advise them that their Omnibus information
is available on the web site for their retrieval.
HOW DOES DTC KNOW WHEN A DIVIDEND OR INTEREST PAYMENT
SHOULD BE MADE ON A SECURITY?
DTC is made aware of dividend or
interest payment information related to a security in a number of ways. At the
time of DTC eligibility, an issuer’s offering document is reviewed to determine
if standard payment information exists on the security. If so, this information
is entered onto DTC’s security master file for future processing purposes.
Payment information that has not
been provided to DTC via an initial offering document at the time of
eligibility is communicated in various ways. DTC obtains payment notifications
(including record date information) from issuers, their authorized servicing
agents, the Stock Exchanges, and other third party information sources. DTC
utilizes a variety of information sources in order to meet the servicing needs
of its participants and to support their provision of information to ultimate
investors.
WHAT IS DTC’S ROLE ON A CORPORATE ACTION OR
REORGANIZATION EVENT?
A corporate action is an event
that produces a corporate restructuring, and, often, affects the value of the
company’s securities. There are many types of corporate actions that can affect
a security. Some of the most common include dividend and interest payments,
voluntary tender offers, warrants, rights offers, corporate reorganizations,
and redemption of municipal and corporate bonds. DTC (within its Asset Services
group) handles certain essential aspects of corporate action processing, many
of which involve high-volume, complex activities. DTC works with issuers and
their authorized agents to announce and process corporate actions in a timely
and efficient manner, with heightened emphasis on risk reduction as the volume
and complexity of corporate actions continues to increase.
DTC is currently undertaking a
major initiative to re-engineer its technology and the way it handles corporate
actions. These efforts will increase processing efficiencies, standardize
corporate actions data and streamline the flow of information.
Another major innovation is the
introduction of XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) technology, for
corporate actions announcements. Using XBRL messages to electronically
disseminate corporate actions data directly from issuers will greatly reduce
the cost of corporate actions, while also reducing risk and expediting the
distribution of announcements.
HOW SHOULD AN ISSUER COMMUNICATE WITH DTC?
Issuers or their agents may
provide certain information or notice to DTC for distribution to participants
for processing as required. DTC participants are responsible for the
distribution of information to their customers, including intermediaries and
ultimate beneficial owners. Notifications to DTC should include all relevant
information pertaining to the issue, including but not limited to CUSIP
number(s), payment information, and any related instructions.
WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN A SECURITY IS “CHILLED” AT
DTC?
DTC may at times place temporary
or permanent restrictions on certain transactions, such as deposits or
withdrawals of certificates. Such a restriction is known as a chill. For
example, DTC may impose a temporary chill that restricts book-entry movement of
securities, effectively closing the books and stabilizing existing positions
until a merger or other reorganization has been completed.
Chills are also placed when,
among other things, regulators take certain actions, or when there are
questions about an issuer’s compliance with applicable law.